10 ELR 20278 | Environmental Law Reporter | copyright © 1980 | All rights reserved
In re Steuart Transportation CompanyNo. 76-697-N (E.D. Va. February 28, 1980)In an action in which the United States and the State of Virginia seek penalties and cleanup costs in connection with an oil spill, the court denies defendant's motion for summary judgment on the question of whether it may be held liable for the loss of migratory waterfowl. Though it agrees with defendant that neither the federal nor state government may assert an ownership interest in wildlife, the court rules that they may assert legally protectable interests in the wildlife under the parens patriae and public trust doctrines and that these interests support an action for damages.
Counsel for Plaintiff Commonwealth of Virginia
Timothy G. Hayes, Ass't Attorney General
Supreme Court Bldg., Richmond VA 23219
(804) 786-2071
Counsel for Plaintiff United States
Allen van Emmerik
Civil Division
Department of Justice, Washington DC 20530
(202) 724-7290
Justin W. Williams, U.S. Attorney
P.O. Box 60, Norfolk VA 23501
(804) 441-3331
Counsel for Defendant Steuart Transportation Co.
Robert M. Hughes, Stephen Wainger
Seawell, McCoy, Dalton, Hughes, Gore & Timms
936 Wainwright Bldg., Bute & Duke Sts., Norfolk VA 23510
(804) 622-5341
[10 ELR 20278]
Clarke, J.:
Order
This matter is before the Court on the motion for summary judgment filed by Steuart Transportation Company (hereinafter referred to as "Steuart").1 The Commonwealth of Virginia (hereinafter "the Commonwealth") and the Federal Government have each filed claims for damage to migratory waterfowl, statutory penalties, and cleanup costs against Steuart, all arising from an oil spill in the Chesapeake Bay on February 2, 1976. Approximately 30,000 migratory birds allegedly were destroyed as a result of the oil spill. The sole issue to be determined on this motion for summary judgment is whether the Commonwealth and/or the Federal Government have a right to sue for the loss of migratory waterfowl.
Steuart contends that neither government can maintain the action because they do not "own" the birds. Essentially, Steuart argues that to recover money damages for the loss of property one must establish an ownership interest, and that the Supreme Court of the United States, over the years, has concluded that niehter the state nor the Federal Government has an ownership interest in migratory waterfowl. The seminal case is Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920), in which Justice Holmes, writing for the Court, rejected the State of Missouri's attack on the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The State contended that the Act interfered with the State's control over wild animals within its boun daries.
The Commonwealth and the United States, on the other hand, maintain that their right to recover for the loss of migratory waterfowl does not depend upon ownership, as Steuart contends, but upon the sovereign right to protect the public interest in preserving wildlife resources. This sovereign right derives from two theories: (1) the public trust doctrine, and/or (2) the doctrine of parens patriae.
This Courtagrees with defendant's position that the State of Virginia does not "own" the migratory waterfowl in question. The authority in support of this position is clear and voluminous. See, e.g., Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana, 436 U.S. 371 [8 ELR 20425] (1978); Douglas v. Seacoast Products, Inc., 431 U.S. 265 [7 ELR 20442] (1977); Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385 (1948); Missouri v. Holland, 252 U.S. 416 (1920). However, many of the cases refuting a state's claim to ownership of resources turned upon principles of federalism and preemption by federal legislation of state control measures. Neither of these principles is applicable to the current issue before this Court.
Rather, the State of Virginia and the United States do not seek recovery for the value of the waterfowl based upon a claimed ownership interest. These governments seek recovery under either, or both, the public trust doctrine and the doctrine of parens patriae. This Court is of the opinion that both of these doctrines are viable and support the State and the Federal claims for the waterfowl.
Under the public trust doctrine, the State of Virginia and the United States have the right and the duty to protect and preserve the public's interest in natural wildlife resources. Such right does not derive from ownership of the resources but from a duty owing to the people. See, e.g., Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385, 408 (1948) (upholding state's right "to conserve or utilize its resources on behalf of its own citizens"). Likewise, under the doctrine of parens patriae, the state acts to protect a quasi-sovereign interest where no individual cause of action would be. See, e.g., Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 301 F. Supp. 982 (D. Hawaii 1969), rev'd on other grounds, 431 F.2d 1282 (9th Cir. 1970), aff'd, 405 U.S. 251 [2 ELR 20133] (1972). In the case currently before this Court, no individual citizen could seek recovery for the waterfowl, and the state certainly has a sovereign interest in preserving wildlife resources.
Accordingly, the Court DENIES Steuart's motion for summary judgment.
1. The Court notes that this motion for summary judgment on this issue as to whether claimants are entitled to recover at all for the waterfowl is not timely. This case originally was filed in 1976 and has been litigated both in this Court and in the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals [9 ELR 20237]. The "threshold" issue raised by this motion certainly should have been raised in the earlier proceedings in this case.
10 ELR 20278 | Environmental Law Reporter | copyright © 1980 | All rights reserved
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